What Is Andragogy? The Theory of How Adults Learn
Andragogy is the theory that adults learn differently from children. It is the reasoning behind self-directed, relevant, in-the-flow workplace learning.
Andragogy is the study of how adults learn, most associated with Malcolm Knowles, who popularized the term in the 1970s. It contrasts with pedagogy, the teaching of children. The central claim is that adults are self-directed, bring a wealth of experience, and will not engage with learning unless they understand why it matters and how it applies now.
Knowles' core assumptions about adult learners
- They need to know why. Adults want a reason before they invest effort.
- They are self-directed. They prefer control over their own learning.
- They bring experience. Prior knowledge is a resource to build on.
- They are problem-centered. They value learning that solves a real, current problem.
- They are motivated internally. Relevance beats compulsion.
Why it shaped modern learning
Andragogy is the theoretical backbone of the shift toward just-in-time learning and learning in the flow of work. If adults resist learning "just in case" and engage with learning "just in time," then delivering knowledge at the moment of need is not a gimmick, it is a match to how adults actually learn. It also explains the appeal of the learner-driven LXP model.
Key takeaways
- Andragogy is the theory of adult learning, associated with Malcolm Knowles.
- Adults want relevance, autonomy, and a clear reason to learn.
- They learn best from problems and prior experience.
- It underpins just-in-time and in-the-flow-of-work learning.
Frequently asked questions
What is the difference between andragogy and pedagogy?
Who created andragogy?
Why does andragogy matter for corporate training?
Related terms
Last reviewed 2026-08-10. Recourse publishes these guides to help learning, customer education, and change teams. Figures and product details are drawn from public sources and vendor materials and can change.